Change and Development in Rural Society Ch (4) Book – 2 Practice Quiz in English Part – 2 || Class 12 Sociology Practice Quizzes in English

Explanation: The Scheduled Castes and Tribes and the backward classes have limited access to resources and face discrimination, making their caste identity more visible as they seek to utilize collective assets and reservations to improve their life chances.  

Explanation: Modern industry created new jobs outside the traditional caste-based system, challenging the rigid occupational structure associated with caste.  

Explanation: National development projects, such as dams, factories, and mines, have often led to the dispossession of tribals from their land and forests, causing significant challenges for their communities.

Explanation: The interaction between tribal communities and the mainstream society has often been on unfavorable terms, leading to challenges such as loss of resources and cultural disruption.

Explanation: The urban upper castes have benefited from developmental policies and access to resources, making their caste status less visible in their public lives. They generally do not face significant discrimination in education and employment.  

Explanation: Tribal societies are traditionally characterized by a more egalitarian social organization and community-based resource ownership.

Explanation: Jotirao Govindrao Phule actively denounced the caste system and its discriminatory practices.  

Explanation: Tribal identities today are shaped by their interaction with mainstream society, resistance to non-tribal forces, and the assertion of their cultural identity, rather than solely based on primordial or ancient characteristics.

Explanation: Savitri Bai Phule was a pioneer in women’s education and social reform.  

Explanation: Endogamy is the practice of marrying within one’s own social group, such as caste.  

Explanation: In matrilineal societies, property is inherited through the female line, from mother to daughter.  

Explanation: Matriarchy is a social system where women hold primary power and authority.

Explanation: M.N. Srinivas coined the concepts of Sanskritisation and Dominant caste to explain social change related to the caste system. Westernisation and secularisation are broader concepts not specifically associated with Srinivas’ work.  

Explanation: While religious beliefs can influence family norms and values, they are not a direct factor that can lead to changes in family structure. Factors like migration, war, and economic changes can directly impact family structures.  

Explanation: Matriliny refers to societies where women inherit property but do not have control over it or decision-making power in public matters.  

Explanation: While the Indian state aimed to abolish caste, it did not implement radical land reforms that would have undermined the economic basis of caste inequality.  

Explanation: Tribes in India have generally been defined in terms of what they were not, such as not having a written religious text, a state or political form of the normal kind, or sharp class divisions.

Explanation: While individual choices within families can lead to changes in family dynamics, the state can influence family structure through laws, policies, and the promotion of specific cultural norms.

Explanation: Conflicts and disputes within families can arise from various factors, including property disputes, domestic violence, and differences in cultural values. Shared decision-making is generally seen as a positive practice that can reduce conflicts.

Explanation: Patriarchy is a social system where men hold primary power and authority in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property.